Fan Tutorial 2 - Design System - Part 1

In this tutorial, we will explore the typical use case for designing a system within Valispace. This process involves creating a digital model of the system and its breakdown, calculating performance parameters, performing trade-off studies, and making design decisions.

We will review the use‍‍‍case in two parts. The first covers the system breakdown and inbuilt calculations. The second covers the trade-offs, design decisions, and adding budgets to the analysis block.

This part of the tutorial is expected to take around 25-40 minutes to finish. The values of the components provided are arbitrary.

(1) Configure the Valitypes

Valitypes ensure that every new component you create already contains Valis of a certain type with a default formula and unit (e.g. Mass, Power Consumption, etc.).

Ensure that the correct Valitypes exist.

In the left sidebar, click on the Settings symbol in the lower left-hand corner and select Settings from the drop-down.

Click on the Valitypes (1) button in the navigation pane to see all the existing Valitypes (see Figure Valitypes)
Now, check whether the Mass and PowerConsumption Valitypes exist.
If they do not exist, add them by clicking on the + button on the bottom right, below the page heading Valitypes and add the Valitypes with the above names.
Change the Valitypes properties so that your configuration looks like in the Figure Valitypes.

Valitypes - Enable or set up Valitypes in the Settings.

The units for the PowerConsumption might be in kW or W. If the unit is in kW, double click on the cell and delete the “kW” and Convert to “W”. Also, in this tutorial, we will use the mass property of the components in grams, its your choice to keep the unit in Kg or g.

Ensure that both tick boxes Add by Default are ☑ activated (2). These Valitypes will be automatically added to every new component you create (see step 2 of this tutorial). Be aware that the Default checkbox is a user setting; this will not affect which Valitypes other users have checked as Default.

soc() means the sum of children and ensures that, by default, this Vali adds up Valis of the same type in the System Breakdown.

(2) Add Systems to your Project

Let's start building your fan! Every product can be broken down into its sub-systems, like a tree. The hierarchical system tree is one of the core features of Valispace.

Create the System “Fan”

In the System Design Module, you can create and access the System Tree, which includes all systems, sub-systems, components and sub-components, including technical parameters (Valis). In the left sidebar, click on the System Design (1) Module.

Create a new component using the + Add Component (2) button in the project navigation pane. Name the new component Fan (3) and click Create (4) (see Figure Creating a new Component)

Creating a new Component - By clicking “Add Component“ you can start adding new components to your Product tree.

You can see that the Valis “Mass” and “PowerConsumption”, which we configured in the Valitypes Settings, have automatically been added to your new component. Alternatively, if you had not marked them as "Add by Default", you can always add new Valis to your component by clicking the "Add Property" button in the lower right-hand corner (see Figure Add a new Vali).

Breakdown the system

Since we created our system, it's time to break it down into subsystems or parts.

Now, right-click on the new Fan component in the navigation pane and select + Add component. Name the new component Propeller. Afterwards, expand the fan component to see the new sub-component in the navigation tree.
Repeat to create the Fan's sub-components Motor, Speed_Controller, and Structure. You press the “Enter” button from your keyboard or select the Create & add new option to create multiple components without leaving the popup.
Your components tree should now look like in the Figure Fan Structure.

Fan Structure - The main system Fan is subdivided into its subsystems Motor, Propeller, Speed_Controller and Structure.

You can drag and drop components in the tree to change their hierarchy level.

(3) Change the Technical Parameters (Valis)

In Valispace, Valis are technical parameters that contain your engineering values. Valis have properties such as formulas, values, history, and much more. Your newly created components already contain two Valis, Mass and PowerConsumption. So, let's go ahead and add value to your Valis!

Change the Mass and the Power Consumption Value

If you wish to see more information and attributes for your Valis, you can simply click on the Vali name. This opens up the “details” page of the Vali, where you can also edit its formula. But for now, let's just change the values within the list view
In the list view, double-click on the 0g and 0W values for the following components and enter the new values by double-clicking on the cells.

Remember to always input the value and its associated unit.

Please input the following values for each component:
- Motor: Mass = 110g, PowerConsumption = 1W
- Propeller: Mass = 30g, PowerConsumption = 0W (make sure to enter "0W" instead of "soc()")
- Speed_Controller: Mass = 15g, PowerConsumption = 0.1W
- Structure: Mass = 80g, PowerConsumption = 0W (make sure to enter "0W" instead of "soc()")
- See the example in Figure Adding Mass to the Motor to see how it is done.

Adding Mass to the Motor - Example of adding a mass value to the motor.

Note that Valispace has automatically calculated the total Mass of the Fan to 235g or 0.235 kg and its total PowerConsumption to 1.1W.

When users input the “Value” of a property, it is essential to include both the numerical value and its unit, formulated together, as showcased in the example above: 110g.

In the “Display Unit” column, users are empowered to specify the unit they wish the value to be represented in. Thus, by initially inputting the value as 110g and setting the “Display Unit” as kg, Valispace will seamlessly convert and display it as 0.11kg.

Note that for calculations, Valispace uses the unit provided in the "Value" field. If a user requires the unit to be displayed in an different format, like pounds (lbs), Valispace will convert the displayed unit accordingly. Learn More: find here the list of units used by the ValiEngine

Please make sure to always use dots (.) as decimal separators for your values.

(4) Add a new Vali

In previous steps, we have shown how to add Valitypes. However, Valis (properties) are not restricted to mass and power consumption alone. Different properties can be added to the components. In Valispace, the user can create new Valis that can be a number with a unit or unitless. It can also be a matrix, textvali (e.g., material), datevali (e.g., purchase date) and datasets(two dimensions). You can access Valis in formulas using the $ symbol in any field.

Add the Propeller Efficiency and Delivered Power

Go to the Propeller component.
Select the + button in the lower right-hand corner (1) to open the Create Property dialogue. Type Efficiency (2) in the 'Name' field and 0.85 in the Formula field (3)
Leave the unit field empty and click Create (4)

Adding an Efficiency Vali - You can add different properties and make your system description as complex as you like.

Repeat for another Vali with the name power_delivered and add the formula as $Motor.PowerConsumption*$Propeller.efficiency, a drop-down will appear where you can choose the desired Vali after you start typing the dollar sign ($).

PowerUserTip: to access a Vali from a different project in a formula or analysis, just type: $Valiname and click on From other projects.

Leave the unit field empty, so that Valispace automatically assigns the right unit based on the calculation (W), then click Create. The Valis of Propeller should now look like in Figure Creating valis and using them in formulas.

Creating valis and using them in formulas - By using the dollar sign ($) you can pull Valis into the formula fields and perform calculations.

By clicking on the name of a specific Vali you will be presented with additional information and Properties. Try it out by clicking on the power_delivered Vali. You will see the view shown below.

The details view of a Vali - Here, you can see Formula, Properties, Info, Connected Copies, Actions and have access to additional features, such as History, Sensitivity Analysis and the Connections Graph.

(5) Detail your Design and Reuse Components

Once you have a basic design in place, you can create a more detailed model of your product. If there are components that need to be duplicated, you can utilize the "connected copies" feature. This ensures that they remain synchronized: if you make changes to one connected component, all others will be automatically updated as well.

In our example, we have three rotor blades and all of them are the same.

Create three connected rotor blades.

Right-click on the Propeller component and click + Add Component to create a sub-component named Blade1.
After creating this component, right-click on it and select Copy & connect. A new connected component Blade2 appears on the same level.
Repeat the previous step also to generate Blade3.
Select any of the three blades and change its Mass to 10g and the PowerConsumption to 0W. You can verify that all connected blades now have the same Mass and PowerConsumption.

Connected Copies - Three connected Blades all sharing the same properties.

PowerUserTip: you can disconnect Valis or entire components. For more information, please check connected copies and documentation.

Mass Budgets

All Valis with the formula ”soc()”, or Sum of Children, have an associated budget table and chart which can be viewed in the Vali information (see Figure Budget Tables).

Head to the “Fan“ component and click on the Mass Vali to open the details tab. Click on “Budget” (1) in the details tab highlighted below to view a breakdown of your fan’s total mass.
You can expand the structure by clicking on the arrows (2 and 3).

Budget Tables - Accessing the Mass budget table within the details section.

Within the details section, Click on the pie chart (1) highlighted below to view a breakdown of the total mass of your fan. The pie chart shows you the mass breakdown for your immediate lower level of subsystems.

Budget Pie Charts - Accessing the Mass budget chart within the details section.

(6) Make use of Margins

At an early development stage, you are usually not sure about the exact values of any property. This is why adding a margin to the value can be helpful. Valispace propagates this uncertainty throughout all your calculations (linear uncertainty propagation).

Add Margins to your Vali Table Column

Click on the Propeller component. In the table, check if the Margin columns are visible. If not, click on the columns tab (on the right - see Figure Margins) (1).
From the list, tick Margin+ and Margin- (2).

Add an uncertainty margin to the propeller Mass.

At the early design stages, you might not know the mass's final value; in most cases, you end up with a mass higher than expected. For these cases, you can add a security margin to your Vali. With the help of this margin, Valispace automatically calculates a worst-case for your Vali. Let's do this for example with the Propeller mass (see Figure Margins on Valis).
Click on the Propeller component and go to the Mass Vali.
Add an upper margin "Margin+" (1) to the Vali by double-clicking into the cell and entering a value of 10 (meaning a 10% margin+) (2).

Adding Margin+ to the mass vali of the propeller - Add 10 percent margin+ on the vali.

Open the details tab of the Propeller Mass (by clicking on the Mass vali (3)). This shows you how the worst case value is now 0.033kg due to the 10% margin+.

Propeller worst case value - The worst case value is calculated for the propeller mass based on the defined margins.

If you now go to the Fan component and go into the Fan's Mass details, you can see that the Fan's Mass now has a total margin of +1.28% and a worst-case of 0.238kg.

Total Margins and worst case values for the Fan Component - Based on the margin defined on the Propeller component, Valispace automatically updates the margins and worst cases on the higher level.

The next part of the tutorial (Design System - Part 2) will be crucial to establish connections between the Requirements and your System Design. This will also lay the groundwork for any subsequent Validation & Verification Activities later on.

Also, you will see how to display all the Data from the Requirements and System Design Module in the Analysis Module - a place to create your internal Analysis Documentation.